American Civil War Battles

The battles of the Civil War were fought across the United States from the East Coast to as far west as New Mexico. Beginning in 1861, these battles made a permanent mark upon the landscape and elevated to prominence small towns that had previously been peaceful villages. As a result, names such as Manassas, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg became eternally entwined with images of sacrifice, bloodshed, and heroism. It is estimated that over 10,000 battles of various sizes were fought during the Civil War as Union forces marched towards victory. The battles of the Civil War are largely divided into the Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi Theaters, with the bulk of the fighting taking place in the first two. During the Civil War, over 200,000 Americans were killed in battle as each side fought for their chosen cause. The battles below are arranged by year, theater, and state. 1861 Eastern Theater April 12-14: Battle of Fort Sumter, South CarolinaJune 3: Battle of Philippi, VirginiaJune 10: Battle of Big Bethel, VirginiaJuly 21: First Battle of Bull Run, VirginiaOctober 21: Battle of Balls Bluff, Virginia Western Theater August 10: Battle of Wilsons Creek, MissouriNovember 7: Battle of Belmont, Missouri At Sea November 8: The  Trent  Affair, at Sea 1862 Eastern Theater March 8-9: Battle of Hampton Roads, VirginiaMarch 23: First Battle of Kernstown, VirginiaApril 5: Siege of Yorktown, VirginiaApril 10-11: Battle of Fort Pulaski, GeorgiaMay 5: Battle of Williamsburg, VirginiaMay 8: Battle of McDowell, VirginiaMay 25: First Battle of Winchester, VirginiaMay 31: Battle of Seven Pines, VirginiaJune 8: Battle of Cross Keys, VirginiaJune 9: Battle of Port Republic, VirginiaJune 25: Battle of Oak Grove, VirginiaJune 26: Battle of Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville), VirginiaJune 27: Battle of Gaines Mill, VirginiaJune 29: Battle of Savages Station, VirginiaJune 30: Battle of Glendale (Fraysers Farm), VirginiaJuly 1: Battle of Malvern Hill, VirginiaAugust 9: Battle of Cedar Mountain, VirginiaAugust 28-30: Second Battle of Manassas, VirginiaSeptember 1: Battle of Chantilly, VirginiaSeptember 12-15: Battle of Harpers Ferry, VirginiaSeptember 14: Battle of South Mountain, MarylandSeptember 17: Battle of Antietam, MarylandDecember 13: Battle of Fredericksburg, Vi rginia Trans-Mississippi Theater February 21: Battle of Valverde, New MexicoMarch 7-8: Battle of Pea Ridge, ArkansasMarch 26-28: Battle of Glorieta Pass, New MexicoDecember 7: Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas Western Theater January 19: Battle of Mill Springs, KentuckyFebruary 6: Battle of Fort Henry, TennesseeFebruary 11-16: Battle of Fort Donelson, TennesseeApril 6-7: Battle of Shiloh, TennesseeApril 12: Great Locomotive Chase, GeorgiaApril 24/25: Capture of New Orleans, LouisianaJune 6: Battle of Memphis, TennesseeSeptember 19: Battle of Iuka, MississippiOctober 3-4: Second Battle of Corinth, MississippiOctober 8: Battle of Perryville, KentuckyDecember 26-29: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, MississippiDecember 31-January 2, 1863: Battle of Stones River, Tennessee 1863 Eastern Theater May 1-6: Battle of Chancellorsville, VirginiaJune 9: Battle of Brandy Station, VirginiaJuly 1-3: Battle of Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaJuly 3: Battle of Gettysburg: Picketts Charge, PennsylvaniaJuly 11 18: Battles of Fort Wagner, South CarolinaOctober 13-November 7: Bristoe Campaign, VirginiaNovember 26-December 2: Mine Run Campaign, Virginia Trans-Mississippi Theater January 9-11: Battle of Arkansas Post, Arkansas Western Theater Fall 1862-July 4: Vicksburg Campaign, MississippiMay 12: Battle of Raymond, MississippiMay 16: Battle of Champion Hill, MississippiMay 17: Battle of Big Black River Bridge, MississippiMay 18-July 4: Siege of Vicksburg, MississippiMay 21-July 9: Siege of Port Hudson, LouisianaJune 11-July 26: Morgans Raid, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, OhioSeptember 18-20: Battle of Chickamauga, GeorgiaOctober 28-29: Battle of Wauhatchie, TennesseeNovember-December: Knoxville Campaign, TennesseeNovember 23-25: Battle of Chattanooga, Tennessee 1864 Eastern Theater February 16: Submarine  H.L. Hunley  Sinks USS  Housatonic, South CarolinaFebruary 20: Battle of Olustee, FloridaMay 5-7: Battle of the Wilderness, VirginiaMay 8-21: Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, VirginiaMay 11: Battle of Yellow Tavern, VirginiaMay 16: Battle of New Market, VirginiaMay 23-26: Battle of North Anna, VirginiaMay 31-June 12: Battle of Cold Harbor, VirginiaJune 5: Battle of Piedmont, VirginiaJune 9, 1864-April 2, 1865: Siege of Petersburg, VirginiaJune 11-12: Battle of Trevilian Station, VirginiaJune 21-23: Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road, VirginiaJuly 9: Battle of Monocacy, MarylandJuly 24: Second Battle of Kernstown, VirginiaJuly 30: Battle of the Crater, VirginiaAugust 18-21: Battle of Globe Tavern, VirginiaSeptember 19: Third Battle of Winchester (Opequon), VirginiaSeptember 21-22: Battle of Fishers Hill, VirginiaOctober 2: Battle of Peebles Farm, VirginiaOctober 19: Battle of Cedar Creek, VirginiaOctober 27-28: Battle of Boydton Plank Road, Virginia Trans-Mississippi River April 8: Battle of Mansfield, LouisianaOctober 23: Battle of Westport, Missouri Western Theater May 13-15: Battle of Resaca, GeorgiaJune 10: Battle of Brices Cross Roads, MississippiJune 27: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, GeorgiaJuly 20: Battle of Peachtree Creek, GeorgiaJuly 22: Battle of Atlanta, GeorgiaJuly 28: Battle of Ezra Church, GeorgiaAugust 5: Battle of Mobile Bay, AlabamaAugust 31-September 1: Battle of Jonesboro (Jonesborough), GeorgiaNovember 15-December 22: Shermans March to the Sea, GeorgiaNovember 29: Battle of Spring Hill, TennesseeNovember 30: Battle of Franklin, TennesseeDecember 15-16: Battle of Nashville, Tennessee 1865 Eastern Theater January 13-15: Second Battle of Fort Fisher, North CarolinaFebruary 5-7: Battle of Hatchers Run, VirginiaMarch 25: Battle of Fort Stedman, VirginiaApril 1: Battle of Five Forks, VirginiaApril 6: Battle of Saylers Creek (Sailors Creek), VirginiaApril 9: Surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia Western Theater March 16: Battle of Averasborough, North CarolinaMarch 19-21: Battle of Bentonville, North CarolinaApril 2: Battle of Selma, Alabama

The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy - 1620 Words

Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multiple shooters, and alternate motives from the same shooter. Although JFK conspiracies usually contradict each other, over two thirds of Americans believe in at least one (Shermer). These people all tend to believe in a conspiracy for the same subliminal reasons; the combination of paranoia, Randomness, and high-stress situations. Before Kennedy’s presidency, In 1944 Robert H. Knapp wrote â€Å"A Psycohlogy of Rumor.† In this he uses rumors circulating during World War II to both define and explain his theories on rumors. He defines a rumor as â€Å"A Proposition for belief of topical reference disseminated without official verification,† and claims of three psychological reasons to rumors existence. The first reason he found was people believing in a â€Å"pipe dream.† This is when a rumor brings joy or endearment to those who spread it. The second reason is a belief in a â€Å"bogie rumor.† This is when a rumor is spread out of anxiety or fear. Third and finally, is a â€Å"wedge rumor,† which is when aShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various me dia coverage, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, b ut also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by severalRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe John F. Kennedy Assassination1803 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. History 102 Research Project The John F. Kennedy Assassination Cody D. Bindley History 102: 1865 to Present Instructor Sumner February 7, 2016 INTRODUCTION On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was attending a parade in Dallas, Texas. During this parade President Kennedy was traveling in a 1961 convertible Lincoln Continental limousine with the top down. President Kennedy was traveling in the third row passenger side seat of the vehicle, seated to his left was

Racism In America - 1868 Words

Racism in the United States is still very alive and well. Even after fifteen decades after abolishing slavery, the United States is still a slave to its racist past. In all honestly, the United States hasn’t come to terms with its ugly racial bigotry and injustices. For example, Donald Trump was elected the 45th president; his rise to ascendancy was driven by a campaign that not only lacked basic human decency, but was filled with xenophobia, Islamophobia and misogyny. While blacks are no longer slaves today, are they truly free? In a country where we are all equal, why would we still need movements like Black Lives Matter? Abolishing slavery in 1865 didn’t mean equality. In fact, the United States faced a systematic racial and ethnic†¦show more content†¦By the 1960’s, through non-violent protests, broke the pattern of public facilities’ being segregated by race in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans. Although the movement was successful, militant black activists like Malcolm X begun to see and confront the economic, political and cultural consequences of past racial oppression. Malcolm Little was born in Nebraska, Omaha in 1925 to parents Louise Little and Earl Little. His mother Louise was a housewife occupied with the family’s eight kids and his father, Earl was a devoted supporter of the Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Earl’s civil rights activism provoked death threats from the white supremacist organized named Black Legion, forcing Malcolm’s family to relocate homes twice before his fourth birthday. Two years later, regardless of moving to Lansing, Michigan; Earl’s body was found laid across the railroad tracks and was ruled an accident. Louise suffered from a mental breakdown years later after the death of her husband and was placed in a mental institution, while the children were split up and placed in foster homes and orphanages. Malcolm Little later changed his name to Malcolm X after his engagement with the teachings of the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm X later became the outspoken public voice for the Black Muslim faith and challenged mainstream civil right movements and the non-violent pursuit ofShow MoreRelatedRacism In America Racism1096 Words   |  5 PagesLeah Song Professor Dongho Cha English 161 22 October 2017 Racism in America The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended all state and local laws requiring segregation. The â€Å"whites only† signs have ceased to lurk over water fountains, bathrooms, and restaurant counters. However, that is only on legal terms and paperwork. Many Americans don’t want to admit it, but segregation is still around. Sometimes by design or by choice. The 21st century segregation exists only in our school systems and communities. ItRead MoreRacism In America1047 Words   |  5 Pages Many people believe that racism in America is an issue of the past. Slavery has been abolished, segregation is no longer prevalent, and the last president of the United States was African American. While these facts prove that the U.S. has come a long way since the development of Jim Crow Laws and the â…â€" Compromise, racism has still not been defeated. In the past, America’s political system made it possible for racism and slavery to thrive. Today, America does not allow for segregation or discriminationRead MoreRacism in America1431 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Racism in America Introduction Is racism still a problem in America more than fifty years after the Civil Rights Movement, and 48 years after the 1964 Civil Rights Act signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson? How far has America come from the days when African Americans were lynched by fanatical racist mobs and from the days when Jim Crowe laws trumped the laws set forth by the U.S. Constitution? This paper delves into those and other issues involving racism in America. Thesis: AmericanRead MoreRacism In America1187 Words   |  5 PagesRacism has shaped societies since the beginning of time, as far back as the children of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Even then, people living in the land of Goshen were subjugated to racism because of their differences. From Hitler and the Nazis to the Southern American slave owners, prejudice of one race against another has resulted in atrocities. Racism has shaped the form of our present day societies. Racism will likely never be completely removed from our society it will alw ays exist. However,Read MoreRacism in America3085 Words   |  13 PagesRacism has taken on several forms in America over the past several hundred years. The most substantial or well known is the plight of the African American slaves and the injustices they suffered. Today, a new form of racism is developing; one that has always been around but has now entered the forefront of most Americans minds. This new racism is against members of the Middle Eastern culture and religion. The actions of September 11th have not created a new problem, they have just shed lightRead MoreRacism in America3527 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ Racism in America Alton Dawson Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this research is to show the effects of racism in America. Racism is defined as one group assumes superiority over other groups that develop attitudes of arrogance and ignorance. Despite many laws and legislation attempts to eliminate the evils of racism, the problem focuses on the cultural differences of race, color and biological supremacy. Racism comes in the form of ethnic cleansing, hate groups, discriminationRead MoreRacism in America2427 Words   |  10 PagesThere is surely no nation in the world that holds racism in greater horror than does the United States. Compared to other kinds of offenses, it is thought to be somehow more reprehensible. The press and public have become so used to tales of murder, rape, robbery, and arson, that any but the most spectacular crimes are shrugged off as part of the inevitable texture of American life. Racism is never shrugged off. For example, when a White Georgetown Law School student reported earlier this yearRead MoreRaci sm In America1757 Words   |  8 Pagesand inequity ever felt by minority groups comes from White racism, expands it into many different examples. While reading his book, I decided to research for myself if his opinions were just that, or had evidence and facts. What I found was a combination. As much as I would love to say that racism hasn’t existed in this country since 1964, that’s unfortunately not true. And while that is true, the bulk of the evidence pointed away from racism in the sense that White people were trying to take powerRead MoreRacism in America Continues733 Words   |  3 Pagescomments and images have not reformed. Blacks continue to be undervalued in society. Not much has changed when it comes to social justice. Hate crimes against Blacks continue to go unpunished. America has evidently regressed when it comes to justice for Black/African Americans. One might ask; how do we know that racism hasnt ended? The evidence is obvious. â€Å"Emmett Till, who was 14 years old in the summer of 1955 when he walked into a local grocery store in Money, Miss., to buy gum. He was later rousedRead MoreRacism in America Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthough America prides itself on being this melting pot racism is still alive and well today. America is supposed to be the land of opportunity, the country that calls to so many; calling to them with the promise of freedom and prosperity, to live their lives as they see fit. As stated in the National Anthem, America is the land of the free and the home of the brave. America is the country where dreams can come true. So if America has emerged as a single people and nation, why does racism still

The Department Of Homeland Security Essay - 1380 Words

General George Patton was quoted as saying, â€Å"Take calculated risk. That is quite different from being rash.† Great success can be obtained by calculating risks. Lives can be saved, infrastructure protected, and evil avoided, but how does one calculate risk? The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has developed a risk management system to help address risks, primarily terrorism risks. It is important to realize that this is a system. Comprising this system of risk management are some key steps, such as the risk assessment and decision making. The overall risk management process employed by DHS is still in a stage of evolution and provides many areas of debate. The Department of Homeland Security’s Risk Management Fundamentals (2011) document provides extensive information on their process and components of risk management from the perspective of homeland security. The process, as identified on page 14 of the document, is very similar to many other processes in go vernment and administration, but does provide a good foundation for how homeland security employs risk management. â€Å"Defining and framing the context of decisions and related goals and objectives† This first portion of the process is a standard, lackluster formality. When a task is to be completed, the parameters must be set. While some of the parameters are extremely basic, such as who will be involved, others provide significant importance, such as what the scope will be. One of the more important parametersShow MoreRelatedThe Department Of Homeland Security : The Department Of Homeland Security755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Department of Homeland Security (DHS) currently has a limited ability to persistently monitor, detect, and track, non-emitting vessels that operate in Customs Waters, which spans from the shore line out to 12 nautical miles. The volume of non-emitting vessels without metadata is due in part by the lack of regulatory policy mandating vessels broadcast their identification and location which would assist with Maritime Domain Awareness. This limited ability situate s DHS in need to mature the MaritimeRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1263 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the biggest security agencies in which we have today is the Department of Homeland Security. They were created in 2001-2003 to stop any threats or terrorist attacks towards the United States. They employ many people from different fields since they need overall intelligence on things. The department has roughly over 100 agencies branching from them. Homeland security was created not that long ago. It is located in Washington DC in the Nebraska Avenue Complex and that’s where it started.Read MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesdeter and prevent attacks on our homeland and as well as deter and threats from potentially occurring. Following 9/11, the Department of Defense has been entrusted with the role in the management of risks facing the United Sates. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has stated that it will apply risk management principles to homeland security operations and has stated â€Å"Ultimately, homeland security is about effectively managing risks to the Nation’s security† (DHS 2010, pg. 2). This is muchRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The People of United States of America want nothing more than making sure that this country is safe and protected. When homeland security is mentioned, majority of the people think of terrorist threats. The Department of Homeland security does more than preventing terrorist attacks. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for ensuring the safety and security of the United States from both man-made and natural disasters. Created in the aftermath of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacksRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe country within its borders. Until that time the United States’ homeland security was under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice (Masse, O’Neil, Rollins, 2007). After the attack the Executive branch of the government created a new organization that would be responsible for deciding where the biggest threats to the country were. This was the birth of the Department of Homeland Security. The Departme nt of Homeland Security is responsible for assessing all risk to the Nation within its bordersRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1176 Words   |  5 PagesCitizens criticize policies in national security as infringing on civil liberties, and an ongoing debate ensues over the sacrifice of civil liberties in the name of national security. The DHS continues to evolve in analyzing future threats and identifying means for the organization to meet them. The DHS’s overall mission is to, â€Å"†¦ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards.† (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2015, np). The overall mission of theRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Homeland Security enterprise is tasked with protecting our country from all threats to include threats that have not yet revealed themselves. There’s a few methods used to identify these threats, but I’m going to cover just one of those methods in particularly. To better explain the role of risk management, first I’ll break down the steps of risk management and explain each one individually. After I have fully addressed the basics of risk management, I’ll go more in depth on why the DepartmentRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Department of Homeland Security The Department of Homeland Security is an agency made up of 22 different federal agencies which were combined in an effort to streamline the United States effectiveness in defending our nation. The core mission of the Department of Homeland Security include prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, ensure resilience to disasters (Department of Homeland SecurityRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security991 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Considering the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)has only initiated actions in 2003, it has performed necessary security procedures and accomplished significant purposes and breakthroughs. As DHS progresses to grow, more activity predominates for them to address weaknesses in its current operational strategy. Implementation efforts are in place to strengthen the efficiency and to integrate its management areas (acquisitions, financial management, human capital, and information technology)Read MoreDepartment of Homeland Security1073 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS) is third largest Executive Department of the Federal Government charged with protecting the security of American homeland. Its primary mission is to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing vulnerability to terrorism and minimizing the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters. The DHS was created by President G.W. Bush in the aftermath of terrorist attacks on Am erica in 2001. It is relatively new agency that continues to evolve

Managing and Mining Sensor Data

Question: Discuss about the Managing and Mining Sensor Data. Answer: Introduction With the current high adoption rate of the use of technology worldwide, one of the most popular topics that have merged has been a discussion of the internet of things. According to Atzori, Morabito (2010), the internet of things is the interaction of any computing devices over a particular network. These devices may include computers, vehicles, home appliances or even human beings. Each device here is given a unique code known as an IP address which is different from any other devices and is used to identify the specific networking device (Aggarwal, 2013). The communication that is done in these devices is aimed at benefiting the human workforce through performing of both basic and complex tasks. The adoption and uptake of the use of the Internet of things has brought about major milestones in the world. Some of the things that it has led to is the enhancement of communication of people from different parts of the world. An example is through the use of teleconferencing which has e nhanced real time communication of different people (Shukla,2011). The use of the internet of things is directly felt in almost all the different industries worldwide. Some examples include in the health sector, Entertainment industry, in sports and even in the Education sector (Perera, 2014). The paper adopts a direct format where it will start by first identifying how the Internet of Things has been adopted in the health sector. This includes relevant examples current health facilities that have implemented the use of the internet in their daily activities. The paper then identifies the key challenges that are being experienced in general as the whole world comes to terms with the internet of things. This is then narrowed down to the challenges that are being experienced in the health sector with the use of the internet. After the mention of the challenges, the paper outlines and explains the relevant solutions that may be implemented so as to avoid these challenges. The paper then gives recommendations on how health care can effectively implement the use of the Internet of Things. With the current high adoption rate of use of technology in different sectors in the world, the internet of things has become an essential tool this is more so seen in the health care. However the successful use and implementation of the Internet of things in the health sector may be coming to an end. This is due to the different threats that the internet of things is exposed to that can lead to either unauthorized access to critical patient information or Distortion of patients data. This paper however tries to narrow down the applications of the internet of things to just the health sector where since its introduction, there has been quite a massive improvement. The paper tries to give an overview of the different uses of the internet of Things in health care this entails both patients and doctors records management, scheduling and patients assessments (Li, 2015). The paper later then assesses the main risk involved with the use of the Internet of Things in health care which include routing attacks, denial of services (DOS), privacy threats management, man in the middle attacks that occur during exchange of decryption keys and the cloning of smart things (Al-Fuqaha, 2015). The paper later gives an overview of the possible solutions that can be implemented so as to avoid catastrophe that might result in by the occurrence of any of the potential risks. This marks the end of the paper as the findings are expected to be useful. References Aggarwal, C.C. 2013. The internet of things: A survey from the data-centric perspective. In Managing and mining sensor data (pp. 383-428). Springer, Boston, MA. Al-Fuqaha, A., 2015. Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 17(4), pp.2347-2376. Atzori, L., Iera, A. and Morabito, G., 2010. The internet of things: A survey. Computer networks, 54(15), pp.2787-2805. Li, S., Da Xu, L. 2015. The internet of things: a survey. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(2), pp.243-259. Perera, C., 2014. Context aware computing for the internet of things: A survey. IEEE communications surveys tutorials, 16(1), pp.414-454. Shukla, M.S.G.2011., Internet of ThingsA Survey.

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Example For Students

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Outline0.1 A CASE STUDY AT THE NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE1 Abstraction2 Methodology3 Chapter 14 Introduction5 1.1 Introduction The National Statistics Office6 Chapter 27 LITERATURE REVIEW8 2.1 DEFINING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT9 2.2 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WITH HUMAN RESOURCES AND ITS IMPORTANCE10 2.3 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL WITHIN THE PUBLIC SECTOR11 2.4 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ACROSS EUROPEAN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES12 2.5 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM WITHIN THE MALTESE PUBLIC SERVICE13 Chapter 314 ANALYSIS OF FIELD RESEARCH FINDINGS15 3.0 Introduction16 3.10: Other methods of public presentation measuring that the directors use17 3.11: What can be done to better the existent system?18 Chapter 419 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS20 4.1 Introduction21 4.2 THE EFFECTIVNESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS22 4.3 THE FAIRNESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS AND THE IMPACT ON THE EMPLOYEE S Performance23 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS A CASE STUDY AT THE NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE Abstraction There are many conflicting and diverging positions on the effectivity of Performance Appraisals in private endeavors, furthermore in the public service. The sustainability of administrations and the importance of this map thrive on operational verve. However, there is small grounds that operations in the populace sector are influenced by the existent public presentation of the employees, specifically when statistics are involved. Sing this scenario, the research was based on an probe whether operational efficiency in the public sector of Malta through the National Statistics Office can be enhanced through public presentation assessments. The premier range of this survey was the rating of the present system at NSO. The literature reappraisal findings demonstrated that public presentation assessments can lend positively to the administration when done in a proper mode and which can besides be utile to construct relationships with subsidiaries, program resources and place preparation demands. This procedure can perchance take to motivated work force and furthermore an addition in productiveness. Conversely, the procedure can be criticised as being flawed and fundamentally a waste of clip. To dispute these perceptual experiences and thoughts a field research was undertaken at NSO where a study with directors was undertaken and besides another separate 1 with the remainder of the staff. The findings were analysed to analyze the positions of both parties in this respect which resulted in the system at NSO as being flawed and wholly uneffective. The survey concludes the recommendations that can be practically applied through the public sector and the NSO. The recommendations include developing demands in the respect of public presentation direction to both staff and direction, reform of the whole system, and binding the public presentation assessment with a wages system. Methodology Since the research intent and research inquiries were developed on bing theories and constructs, this research will be deductive. As the intent of this survey is to look into how Performance Appraisal systems are undertaken at the NSO, the choice of a qualitative attack was found to be more appropriate to carry through the declared intent, in position of the fact that instance surveies are being used, therefore necessitating the appraisal of abundant information. In add-on, this attack is found to be more utile due to the fact that the research is intended to research, describe and happen as many elaborate and complete information as possible. Albeit the above, a just portion of quantitative techniques will be adopted to analyze any informations provided by the NSO on the capable affair, e.g. studies and questionnaires. Questionnaires were used as a research tool for this survey. Questionnaires are an cheap manner to garner informations from a potentially big figure of respondents ( Miles and Huberman, 1994 ) . A well-designed questionnaire that is used efficaciously can garner information on both the overall public presentation of the trial system every bit good as information on specific constituents of the system. If the questionnaire includes demographic inquiries on the participants, they can be used to correlate public presentation and satisfaction with the trial system among different groups of users. Zikmund ( 2000 ) claims that the stairss required to plan and administrate a questionnaire include: i. specifying the aims of the study ; two. finding the trying group ; three. composing the questionnaire ; four. administrating the questionnaire ; v. construing the consequences. For this survey, one questionnaire was designed to be distributed to all NSO employees excepting the managerial staff and those in higher classs. The questionnaire comprised 15 inquiries. The chief purpose of this questionnaire was to garner information about the perceptual experience of NSO employees towards the public presentation direction, measuring and assessment methods used in this administration. Through the questionnaire, the research worker acquired the required informations refering to this survey, therefore making its chief purpose and aims. Another questionnaire was distributed to NSO managerial staff and those in higher classs. The questionnaire comprised 11 inquiries. The purpose of a separate questionnaire for managerial staff is to compare their perceptual experience sing public presentation assessment to the remainder of the staff. In the questionnaire there were more comment boxes to let directors to show their positions upon this respect. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction The National Statistics Office The NSO is the official national statistical bureau in Malta. It provides statistics on a broad scope of societal and economic affairs covering the population, the Government and the concern sector. NSO besides coordinates and collaborates with the statistical activities of other official organic structures on the island, chiefly the Central Bank of Malta and Government Ministries. The mission of NSO is to function the statistical information demands of parliament, authorities, and the population at big from concerns to research workers to pupils, by endeavoring for excellence and through strict protection of confidential informations, quality information from respondents and a seasonably, nonsubjective and antiphonal statistical service. This does non forestall other authorities sections or establishments from roll uping their ain statistical informations for internal intents. The NSO was established in March 1947, at the clip known as the Central Office of Statisticss. However, official statistics has been compiled and published for a long clip before. In 1851, an official publication called The Malta Blue Book was published among other things ; it included a statistical abstract on the population as from the 1842 Census. In 1872, The Malta Blue Book featured a statistical position of Malta and its Dependences for 10 predating old ages covering the relevant clip series for population, instruction, finance, sale of public sites, imports, exports and transportation. The NSO, an independent bureau, was established by virtuousness of the Malta Statistics Authority ( MSA ) Act XXIV of 2000 and as from 1 March 2001, it replaced the Central Office of Statistics a Governmental Office. Section 10 of the mentioned Act determines the maps and duties of the NSO. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DEFINING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT It would be appropriate to analyze the significance of public presentation direction which hereinafter would be referred to as PM before trying to discourse its deductions and applications. Armstrong ( 2009 ) defines PM as: aˆÂ ¦a systematic procedure for bettering organizational public presentation by developing the public presentation of persons and squads. It is a agency of acquiring better consequences by understanding and pull offing public presentation within an in agreement model of planned ends, criterions and competence demands. ( Armstrong, 2009, p.618 ) Furthermore, Bacal ( 1999 ) defines PM as an on-going communicating procedure to be undertaken in partnership, between an employee and his/her immediate supervisor, set uping clear outlooks and apprehension. Performance assessments being one of import portion of PM, provides employees and directors with chances to discourse countries in which employees excel and those in which employees should better. The assessment should be conducted on a regular footing and they need non be straight attached to promotion chances and wagess wherever possible ( Kirk, neodymium ) . However, in its worst signifier, public presentation assessment can hold the consequence of demotivating the employees and by and large take downing the morale throughout the administration. Therefore, the appropriate design and careful execution of public presentation assessments is important and can offer infinite benefits to both the administration and the person. 2.2 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WITH HUMAN RESOURCES AND ITS IMPORTANCE Employees are a valuable resource to the administration and hence an administration can chiefly accomplish operational aims through the effectual usage of endowments and ability of its employees. In position of this fact, the extent to which the latter are managed efficaciously is a important component in bettering and prolonging organizational public presentation. PM is concerned with bettering the public presentation of the squad and the administration and non merely the public presentation of the person. Some ill designed traditional assessment systems have been indict as being manipulated for the advantage of forces directors or top directors taking to many people of the administration non truly understanding what the system is seeking to accomplish. However, some outstanding appraisal systems together with effectual forces directors contribute to organizational effectivity by set uping long term ends. The PM is a chief portion of human resources direction to pull offing people a nd their public presentation which is in kernel a agency of puting aims being reciprocally reviewed in order to incorporate corporate, single and team aims. Harmonizing to Bratton and Gold ( 2007 ) , in order that an administration succeeds in presenting its operational and developmental ends it depends chiefly on the efficiency and effectivity with which the employees carry out their responsibilities. Directors should guarantee that the people under their span of control: hold understood what is expected of them own the accomplishments necessary to present what is expected have the support of the house to develop their endowments to run into those outlooks are given feedback on their public presentation are given the chance to discourse and lend to single and squad purposes and aims. PM has three of import maps: Strategic, Administrative and Developmental map. Harmonizing to Baron and Armstrong ( 1998 ) the PM should be seen as an on-going procedure that focuses on the hereafter instead than the past. Therefore, PM should affect alining HR patterns to both current and future public presentation by placing employees activities in line with administration s ends. In order that this procedure is done in a strategic mode it should be flexible to maintain gait with different ends and the changing nature of the administration. The PM should be seen as a motivational tool to measure salary additions, publicities, keepings and betterment of public presentation instead than merely a box clicking exercising. Armstrong ( 2000 ) stated that the PM should be advanced, developmental and a model proviso in which directors can back up their squad members. This writer continues by saying that if the PM is regarded as a transformational procedure instead than an appraisal one, its impact on consequences will be much more important. 2.3 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL WITHIN THE PUBLIC SECTOR The general public often refer to the operational efficiency in the populace sector when mentioning to the service delivered. Efficiency is a step of how good resources have been used. This is done by comparing existent end product with the expected or standard end product that should hold been yielded from the usage of these resources ( Hill, 2000 ; Brown et al. , 2001 ) . Conversely, Brown et Al. ( 2001 ) affirm that effectivity is more utile step than efficiency. Effectiveness focuses on whether the right merchandises or services are being produced, instead than how expeditiously they are produced. Mandl et Al. ( 2008 ) remark farther that effectivity relates the input or the end product to the concluding aims to be achieved, i.e the result, and shows the success of the resources used in accomplishing the aims set. The inquiry of how to mensurate public presentation efficaciously in ways that improve service bringing is clearly one of the biggest issues in the public direction ( Behn, 1995 ) . Measuring productiveness in the populace sector is non an easy undertaking because assorted qualitative facets have to be considered in add-on to the end product of goods and services which is merely seldom quantified ( de Bruijn, 2001 ) . Performance measuring is about efficiency, quality and effectivity of human service programmes ( Martin and Kettner, 1996 ) . Performance steps should be client sensitive, stressing effectivity in run intoing client outlooks every bit good as efficiency in service bringing. 2.4 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ACROSS EUROPEAN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES Over the past old ages the issues of service bringing, reactivity, quality and public presentation direction have become really common treatments on the local authorities. There have been new undertakings added to local governments and bing jobs are expected to be performed with distinguished end product. Higher outlooks of stakeholders bring about qualitative alterations in demand and supply for public services. Increasingly, information engineering progresss are adding to the list of challenges to European governments and at the same clip more force per unit area from budget cuts because of fiscal crises. When discoursing PM in the public sector we can reason that over the past decennary there has been a more widespread usage of the public presentation assessment. The bulk of Europe has some strategy in operation. However, Performance Appraisal is more extensively used in the private sector than the public governments. Germany and Britain have had traditional and standardised PM for rather a long clip now nevertheless, there have been reforms so as Performance Appraisal is an appropriate tool for betterment of authorities staff motive. After 1998, France besides gave more importance to Performance Appraisal by presenting new strategies. Denmark considers the strategy more of import and accordingly each employee has a annual treatment with its director in order to better motive for calling development. The Danish system differs from other European systems as the process consists in a duologue with the aim to place developmental possibilities. This type of duologue has been compulsory s ince 1993 as a portion of HRM reforms. The Finish authorities used PM since early 1900 s and accordingly the system aims as increasing the operating efficiencies of Finland s authorities bureaus and establishments. Tethering public presentation to consequences has helped the Finnish authorities to establish public presentation related wage for staff and promote staff to better their productiveness. This has been extremely effectual as studies resulted in operational efficiency and progressively economic system oriented thought. Finland recognized that it was far more realistic aiming bureaus bottom-up by actuating staff to deduce maximal benefit from PM. Character Evolution EssayLast, some directors claimed that the current system is de-motivating the staff and the lone manner to acquire positive results is when this is tied up to a patterned advance system instead than the present system that involves automatic patterned advance regardless of the employee s attempt. The subsidiaries where besides asked the same inquiry and most of the recommendations counterpart the replies of the directors. The bulk of the respondents agreed that a wages system should be put in topographic point in connexion with the PMP like the existent public presentation fillip that the directors have in their system. Furthermore, a good figure of remarks besides showed that the PMP was non a uninterrupted procedure and hence there was no counsel by the director sing the employee public presentation throughout the twelvemonth. This clearly shows the deficiency of communicating that there is between directors and their subsidiaries. Furthermore, in coherency with what most directors stated, the existent PMP should be either discarded or revamped to a system which is usage made to the demands of NSO. Confirming the deficiency of communicating between the directors and the staff it can be transpired that there is lack of treatment sing the result of the PMP and alining the adm inistration s ends with those of the subsidiary. Due to these negative remarks it can be concluded that the current system is seen by both the direction and their subsidiaries as a bureaucratic process that does nt hold any positive consequences on the quality of work, productiveness and motive. Figure 3.13 presents the distribution of gender within NSO. The bulk 71 % of the respondents were female. The figure above shows that 6 % of the respondents were Principal Statisticians, 22 % are Senior Statisticians or Programmers III, 47.5 % ( the bulk ) are Statisticians, and 1.7 % are Systems Analyst/Programmer II/Librarian/Web decision maker. 6 % are ProgrammerI/Assistant Statisticians/Sen Accounts Executive/Assistant Librarians. 1.7 % are Senior Statisticss Executive/IT support Officer/Accounts Executive/Senior Survey Interviewer/Library Assistant/Principal Messengers. 13.6 % are Statistics Executive/Survey Interviewer/Clerk/Receptionist/Sen Messenger/Storekeeper. The above figure shows that the bulk of employees worked within the Public Service for 0 to 9 old ages. Therefore, it can be stated that the NSO is made up of a comparatively immature work force. Furthermore, it is transpired that rather a large portion of the work force is made up of more experient staff who have been working with the Public Service for over 20 old ages. The figure above transpires that the bulk of the subsidiaries ( 50.8 % ) see the PMP presently used at NSO as being unjust when compared to assessments used within the Private Sector. A 35.6 % who have given a impersonal reply can be counted as being apathetic to the equity of the system and as many commented some employees do nt cognize what methods are normally used outside Public Sector. The diffused dissension on this statement may be due to many grounds one of them being the fact mentioned earlier of non holding wagess attached to the assessment system therefore the process is seen as a bureaucratic one without any benefit. Some commented once more that the existent PMP is subjective to the director s sentiment furthermore, assessments in the Private Sector are perceived as being more end oriented. The above response clearly shows that some kind of criterions exist, these are set by the several unit director. It can be deducted that there are directors who set criterions for their unit and there are others who do non, and since there is no official common criterions it contributes to disparity between units. However, as shown from the consequences above it can be remarked that merely the lower limit of the respondents stated that they do nt cognize what is expected from them. The bulk of the respondents ( 74.6 % ) are impersonal or differ that the PMP provides chance of alining ain ends with those of the administration, therefore beef uping the fact that the PMP does non turn to these issues at all. This is in concomitance with the directors position about the PMP being merely a work program sheet and nil else. If preparation is needed by an employee to better his/her public presentation, that is identified by the director, non specifically through the PMP, though in the instance there is a subdivision where the employee writes down what type of preparation s/he would wish to have. The major sentiment of the respondents in this respect is more on the disagreement side holding 40.7 % who wholly disagreed and another 23.7 % are non certain about it. The consequence is in concurrency with the old figure and hence strengthens the fact that the existent system does non affect undertaking failings of subsidiaries by two manner communicating between parties sing preparation demands and public presentation issues. The current system does non fix the subsidiaries for future challenges that the administration will be confronting since it does non straight address what could be improved in their public presentation. In order that the system is effectual the director should besides indicate out good occupations that have been done which works out as a great incentive. The figure above transpires that the bulk of the subsidiaries are on the disagreement side with 37.3 % who disagreed and 52.5 % gave a impersonal reply. Therefore, most of the employees can non comprehend that the PMP can assist them better their calling through the current system since the calling patterned advance at NSO is automatic. The consequences show that the bulk of 86.4 % agree that if they do nt hold with the consequence of the PMP they should be given the chance to appeal. In the current format of the PMP there is a column where the subsidiaries can compose remarks over the rating given by their director. Although, this is non practised usually the subsidiaries have a say and can be given an account sing their scaling. Chapter 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the decisions on the findings derived from the literature reappraisal, the questionnaire distributed to the direction and to the employees of NSO. The decisions are based on the same model of the findings based on the chief survey subjects. Furthermore, a list of recommendations is presented to finalize the study. 4.2 THE EFFECTIVNESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS The survey besides determined that there is no criterion of public presentation presently in topographic point at NSO and the HR does non act upon the puting up of these criterions. This was confirmed by the managers, directors and employees themselves in the study undertaken. One may therefore conclude that although writers and faculty members claimed that these are important and of import to guarantee efficiency and answerability and have been in topographic point for more than five decennaries, the system at the NSO is still non yet in topographic point. Although the managers and some directors claimed that they do some informal topographic point cheques to guarantee that all employees are lending towards the administration, there is no system in topographic point where directors can be after and command operational end products on criterions. The writer is of the house belief that this is one of the major defects within the operational systems at the NSO. Even if the purpose of t he public presentation assessment is so to better single and organizational public presentation, in barely designed systems this may non be effectual as it is supposed to be. This survey aimed to look into the effectivity of public presentation assessment within NSO and as a consequence it can be concluded that the state of affairs at NSO is certainly beliing specific academic Hagiographas. Evidence shows that public presentation assessments can be an effectual tool to mensurate public presentation and that the system can be a cardinal incentive both on employees behavior and public presentation. Nevertheless, the PMP at NSO is wholly uneffective as proved by the overall consensus of the direction and besides their subsidiaries. There are assorted factors which contribute to this ineffectiveness some of those are listed below: Government establishment bureaucratism Lack of competency of direction due to miss of preparation Inability of HR to organize the system Indifference of both direction and subordinates to better the system Inappropriate sets of standards to mensurate public presentation Loss of religion in the system by both parties One major job mentioned supra is the deficiency of standards to mensurate public presentation. This leads to directors and managers focus on more informal methods of public presentation measuring and accordingly public presentation is non measured suitably. However, in concurrency with literature reappraisal findings, both parties agree that the PMP is an effectual step of public presentation nevertheless the manner it is used today throughout NSO it s strictly a waste of clip and hence uneffective. 4.3 THE FAIRNESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS AND THE IMPACT ON THE EMPLOYEE S Performance The findings derived resulted that the current system within NSO is really unjust and this was confirmed by all the staff that participated in the questionnaire. This is due to rating being given at the discretion of the director and accordingly the system is flawed. Opposing to academic findings the current system fails to increase motive and productiveness degrees and conversely de-motivates the work force since directors are disregarding the full system. This besides was confirmed through the directors study where about 70 per cent disagreed or were apathetic with the statement that the existent assessment is just. Additionally, this perceptual experience of equity is derived from the fact that there is deficiency of public presentation criterions and therefore directors attempt to mensurate the end product and public presentation through accomplishment of undertakings or aims. In concurrency with literature reappraisal findings it can be concluded that assessments are by and lar ge applied in subjective mode taking to unfairness on the appraisee. There was besides a general consensus that the PMP is non giving chance to the employees to better their public presentation and really small is being done to better the state of affairs. It can be concluded that this state of affairs is due to the fact that the existent PMP is non attached to any wagess and therefore it gives no inducement to the employee to increase its end product. This consequences in both parties sing the PMP as a everyday exercising without any advantage to both. This is rather contradictory when related to the literature reappraisal findings since many writers claim that there are many benefits associated with the PMP if its done suitably. One of the factors lending to this job may be that subsidiaries are non being given feedback how they are come oning throughout the twelvemonth since the PMP is non being executed in periods but merely annually. 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS The decision above certainly contradicts the chief literature reappraisal findings in relation to the rightness and effectivity of the public presentation assessment application in administrations. However, one may reason that the findings in the NSO support other theoretical sentiments that public presentation assessment systems fail to accomplish their nonsubjective whenever they are non applied suitably and whenever the standards to mensurate public presentation is subjective to the directors sentiment taking to unfairness. Based upon the above decisions It can be recommended that: HR function in this system is revised Performance criterions are set Directors are given appropriate preparation sing public presentation criterions A study with thoughts and suggestions to better the system shall be prepared and passed on to the authorities. A consideration should be given on the thought of attaching wagess to the public presentation assessment The existent system must be upgraded to being perceived as being a just one The HR in this respect should be more involved with more coordination with the direction in puting public presentation criterions and mensurating these criterions across the full construction at NSO. This should be done by upgrading the existent system to a seamster made PMP format which righteously adapts to the demands of the existent organizational construction. Furthermore, public presentation criterions will heighten the control mechanisms and besides stabilising certain imbalance from one subdivision to another therefore guaranting efficiency and effectivity in all undertakings undertaken. Training should be given to both directors and subsidiaries in this respect in order that directors are skilled to set about public presentation assessments and besides make their subsidiaries cognizant why and how public presentation assessments are done. Another suggestion may be that the directors prepare a list of suggestions to better the existent system and besides go throughing It on to the cardinal authorities seting into consideration a wages system tied up to the public presentation assessment. This should be done in coaction with the remainder of the staff with the purpose of increasing motive by integrating them in the determination devising procedure. Standards should be set to mensurate clearly productiveness, quality of work, accomplishments and flexibleness and other behavioral traits. These set of standards can be farther developed and agreed upon by cardinal stakeholders involved including managers, directors and employees, trade brotherhoods and authorities direction. The purpose of these set of standards is to better its effectivity and to diminish the perceptual experience of the system being unjust.